Agriculture on Rainforest(Amazon Tropical) soil Essay

Agriculture on Rainforest(Amazon Tropical) soil - Essay Example nstitutions have drawn on contrasting perceptions of cause as they try to shape policies and programs dealing with the environmental impacts of development. Yet the importance of perceptual (emic-type) differences among social groups and progressive institutions has not been addressed in the growing corpus of work worried with environment-development issues. The present study examines miscellaneous perceptions of the causes of soil corrosion among inhabitants and institutions in Amazon Basin. According to recent accounts, soil erosion in the Amazon "heartland" and several other flat terrain regions of Brazilian Amazon Basin constitutes a unhelpful environmental hazard that degrades farm and grazing lands and increases flooding, desertification, and dust storms. Estimates indicate that 64 percent, or 790 square kilometres, of the land surface in Amazon is at least reasonably eroded, and approximations of annual soil erosion vary between 50 and 150 tons per hectare, well above rates of soil formation. These figures indicates an erosion dilemma that exceeds even the harsh national situation: a recent report released by the Brazilian Ministry of Peasant Agriculture and Ranching (RACA), and published in two major newspapers, estimates that between 35 and 41 percent of the country at present display moderate or extreme soil erosion. For many people and institutions in Brazil, soil erosion has become an issue of considerable alarm. Articulated perceptions (discourses) of the causes of soil erosion assess here include three groups of residents and institutions in Brazil: government institutions and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), peasants in their individual perspectives, and rural trade unions. Each group has articulated concern about the recent erosion dilemma, its impacts and possible solutions. The articulated perceptions typical of each group are represented in informal accounts made in 1991 and in published and unpublished documents. These were assembled in

Managing Across Cultures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Managing Across Cultures - Essay Example Preparation is the first step in the process of negotiation. According to Metcalf et al (2006), at this stage the parties involved in the negotiation get build some background to the negotiation. The individuals intending to enter into the negotiation try to get the necessary information that may be required to make the negotiation successful. Therefore, the individuals get to research and get to get enough understanding of what they are going to undergo. As part of their preparation the individuals try to analyze the appropriate methods of persuading the other party and how to bargain in the negotiation. Therefore, this can be influenced by some cultural aspects. Decision on the method of bargaining and how to communicate will depend on the cultures of the different individuals involved in the negotiation. This is the second stage in the process of negotiation. After preparing for the entire negotiation, individuals should take time to get to know each other before proceeding for the planned negotiation (Metcalf et al, 2006). Therefore, how the different individuals will get to interact and relate in different occasions will be affected by their cultures. For example, the attitudes towards each other may differ as they get to interact due to different cultural mind-sets or the general national attitude towards time from the different individuals. After the different parties or individuals have prepared enough and have gotten to build their relationship, the next step to the negotiation is coming to the real negotiation where both sides exchange information. The different sides present the information it has and states its position concerning the issue or matter of negotiation. At this stage then cultural aspects can have an impact or great influence on the mode of present or how the parties will respond to each other (Trompenaars and Hampden-Turne, 2012). For example, if the parties are French nationals they will prefer to present their views in a

Employee Relations In Human Resources Management Commerce Essay

Employee Relations In Human Resources Management Commerce Essay In general, employee relation is very important part of human resource management and employees is the heart of any organization. Mainly, employee relation known as from Employees are the resource of the organization and they are act as the companys creator to make successful in the competitive business world. On the other hand demotivated people become the tragedy for the company. According to Banfield and Kay (2008), Demotivated employees have an impact on the organization, but in different and more negative ways, This can include individual and less visible expressions of dissatisfaction, such as high absenteeism, poor timekeeping and low productivity, as well as collective action such as strikes and working to rule, all of which undermine the organizations ability to ensure its financial health and long-term competitiveness. In the words of Armstrong (2006), the components of employee relations as follow: Formal and informal policies and practices of the organisation. The development, negotiation and application of formal systems, rules and procedures for collective bargaining, handling disputes and regulating employment. Policies and practices for employee communications. Informal and formal process regulating the interactions between managers and employees. Policies of the government, management and trade unions. A number of parties including state, management, organisations, trade unions, employees, etc. The legal framework. Institutions (e.g. ACAS) and the employment tribunals. The bargaining structures, recognition and procedural agreements enabling the formal system to operate. Setting an employment relations policy requires work under a number of headings as suggested by From the above component, it is clear that principle of management, employer-employee relation, terms and condition, companys recruitment, training, performance appraisal and procedures are main factors for an organization to make sure the employee relations. In the employee relation, collective bargaining is very important in modern business world. The following figure shows the exact procedure of employee- employer relation through collective bargaining. Figure Reconciliation of interests between employers and employees Source: Resource Development International Ltd. (RDI), 2009 Originally, the employee relation known as an industrial relation. According to Armstrong (1994), industrial relations are conducted within the external context of the national Political environment, the international context and the internal context of the organisation. On the other hand, Collective bargaining is defined as the process of turning disagreements into agreements in an orderly fashion. Collective bargaining is the process followed to establish a mutually agreed set of rules and decisions between unions and employers for matters relating to employment. This is a regulating process dealing with the regulation of management and conditions of employment. Collective bargaining is used as the negotiation process between employees and employers with unions acting as the representatives of employees. Task b: What may McDonalds have considered in order to establish their approaches to collective bargaining in both Germany and the UK? According to Allan, C and et al (2006), Fast food is an important area of employment particularly for young people. McDonalds, the largest restaurant chain, has more than 30,000 restaurants around the world. A large proportion of its employees are young people. There is an international debate about the quality of jobs in fast food. McDonalds is the top brand name in the world and in the research work of Royle, T (1999), discuss about the fast food industries labour relation by referencing the McDonalds. McDonalds not only the world largest MNC but also the leading the sales system and growing up the employee relation. McDonalds follows the limited menus and highly standardized product and proper utilization of low skilled labour by proper training and guideline. UK is always following the US developing system from Second World War. They tried to develop the economic system like US, though as a part of Europe. At the beginning of 1980s, in UK there was rapidly de-industrializing because of rapid growing up of service sector like United State and becoming the real life British features. On the basis of that development they tried to follow American HRM system. According to Royle, T (2002), Until the 1980, the regulation of UK union activities had been minimal and they enjoyed reasonable statutory immunity from the strictures of common law, a system applies described as collective laissez fire. He also discuss about employee relation in Germany compare to UK employee relation. Compared with the UK industrial relations systems, the German system is more organized. German system is totally different from UK and the German system is highly justified and represents a clear structure of rights and responsibilities for both management and employees. Collective bargaining is normally carried out at advanced level of management and link between employers federation and trade union. McDonalds is not interested operating any trade union in their company. They are trying to mutual through their management. The main reason behind this is, the employees are part-time, temporary, low skilled. The company giving the facility and training-up as they need. If they got any problem, they solve by in-store management. There was problem with that employees are staying longer and majority of the employees are under 21. So, it is so quite impossible to involve with union and carryout the union fees. According to collecting bargaining approaches there are two forms of collective bargaining, conjunctive bargaining and cooperative bargaining. Conjunctive bargaining: This form of bargaining requires an agreement so operations to which both parties are dependent can continue. The agreement defines certain responsibilities for each party. Cooperative bargaining: This form of bargaining recognises that both parties are dependent on each other and it is in their best interest to obtain the support of each other. There are also two views on the relationship of management with trade unions, the unitary view and the pluralist view. Unitary view: According to this view, management regards its function as directing and controlling the workforce in order to achieve growth. Pluralist view: This view sees the organisation and its workforce as two forces in balance with mutual trust for their respected relationship supporting their efforts towards different objectives. In general, on basis of those above forms, McDonalds is mainly is not operating proper trade union relation. Both UK and Germany, they are operating their business by franchisee and more profit is coming from them. If their employees feel any problem, they negotiate with the employee by the management. They are not interested to involve with the trade union. But, the franchisee company, for their safety they are keeping small room for the union. Task b: How may McDonalds have considered individual bargaining as an alternative or additional approach in both Germany and the UK? What benefits and/or problems may this have brought in both countries? In employee relation collective bargaining is very important. According to Armstrong, for managing collective bargaining it should be consider the following factors Collective arrangements which may be practical (the framework) or basic (the outcome) of collective bargaining. The level at which bargaining should take place these days multi-employer bargaining is not common. Single-table bargaining where a number of unions are recognised in one workplace seems the most favourable option for organisations. Dispute resolution typically involving third parties as mediators. To follow the collective bargaining, there should be some mutual agreement and if there any problem with the agreement, they can make solution by procedure. Procedural agreements In these agreements the responsibilities of managers and employees are defined as well as the Procedure followed to make decisions. Definition of the agreement objectives Recognition of the unions negotiation rights General principles Statement of facilities granted to unions Provision for joint negotiation committees Negotiating procedure Provision for terminating the agreement Substantive agreements: These are not legally enforceable and focus on agreed terms regarding pay, working hours, holidays, overtime, regulations, etc. Partnership agreements: In partnership agreement both parties agree to work together for their mutual advantage. Reilly defines the common features of partnership as: a. Mutuality parties recognise common interest. b. Plurality areas of differences and common interest are recognised. c. Trust and respect for the intention d. Agreement without coercion solving problems through consensus. e. Involvement and voice opportunities for employees to shape their environment and express their views. f. Individualist and collectivist dimensions of the other side. Individual bargaining: It refers to the participation of single bargaining units. Organisations prefer these, due to: Inefficiency of multi-unit bargaining. Desire to achieve major changes. Necessity to introduce single status conditions. In individual collective bargaining some critical issues include: Commitment of management to the concept. Maintain negotiation levels. Ensure that managers will have flexibility when responding to employee demands. Willingness of management to discuss with representatives. The need to overcome previous rivalries. The need to guarantee representation rights to unions. Third party dispute resolution: There are three such processes: Conciliation third party facilitates the process to reach a decision. Arbitration issue is determined by the third party. Mediation providing formal but non-binding proposals. By seeing the all kind of collective bargaining, the individual collective bargaining looks very appropriate for the McDonalds in both Germany and UK and it is very helpful for considering as an alternative approach. Because of economic changes, deindustrialization and political factors are led to union to decline industrial relation. Also the both country, McDonalds is leading company and important for the economy. In the time individual bargaining become very popular for the small business and for McDonalds, especially when its coming under franchisee. There are so many benefits and problems are by following the individual bargaining in UK and Germany. The benefits are as follows: To meet the employees requirements Its giving the individual solution of the employee It contains the low administrative cost It giving the flexibility of employer-employee relation There are some problems with the individual bargaining. It increase the high dismissal rates, accidents and high labour turn-over and so on.This approach sometimes cannot fulfil the requirement of the employee. In time of negotiation it can be problem. The employee cannot individually bargain with all times with the employers for their wages and other facilities. Task c: How may the approach to collective bargaining in Germany and the UK influence employee relations for McDonalds internationally? At present global business world, McDonalds is dominating the fast food industry. The company in both UK and Germany dont prefer to the trade union. They are making the employee relation by their internal management system. Actually this is individual bargaining system. To recover this system is the best approaches for a company. In UK and Germany, the fast food industry are expanding rapidly and making good example for employment in the competitive business world. The unique feature of the chained fast-food sector is a combination of generally low skilled work and high labour turnover, combined with what we have termed elsewhere an acquiescent workforce. (Royle, 2000) In general in McDonalds corporation is not interested in unionization and there is no great success of trade union. In UK and Germany, there is some problem with non-union activity. The management company fast food company remain strongly grounded in anti-unionism. But to what extent are these assumptions transmitted and internalized by senior-level and restaurant management at McDonalds? (Royle, 2000) The employee relation is influence by the collective bargaining but this maintaining with the trade union not only in UK and Germany but also all over the world. From above the discussion for the following reason the approach like collective bargaining in Germany and the UK influence employee relations for McDonalds internationally: Employee relations are regarded as better. Strikes are rare. Labour turnover is high. Payment levels are set by management. Higher dispersion of pay. No alternative representation methods exist. Employee relations are handled informally. Managers feel free. More flexibility to use labour. Higher dismissal probability Though there is some problem in the approach collective bargaining, but the in all over the world make a history for employee relation. Their employees are almost 90 per cent are student, under 21 and unskilled but they are doing good business by their proper strategic plan and create great employee relation. So, in this way collective bargaining is very influencing for employee relation. Task d: What additional or alternative methods could support good employee relations for McDonalds? Consider the role an HR function could take. For a good employee relations in McDonalds, there are some methods are very useful. In general, McDonalds is practicing the individual bargaining. In the research work of Dau-Schmidt (1993) stated that among the three primary means of addressing the needs of workersindividual bargaining, collective bargaining and protective legislationeach have its own advantages and disadvantages. Individual bargaining can provide the most individualized solution of meeting the needs of the parties. It also enjoys relatively low administrative costs. Unfortunately, market failures and lack of bargaining power mean that individual bargaining often results in an impoverished solution for many workers that fails to address many of their basic needs. Before making the decision of right choice of additional methods, it is better to know about the HR function properly. The HR function contains the advice and services that enable organisations to get things done through people there are some listed a number of typical HR management tasks. Human resource planning. Talent management Knowledge management Recruitment and selection Learning and development Reward management Employee relation Health and safety Diversity issues On the basis of HR function and as a part of HR practice of employee relation in McDonalds collective bargaining doing the solution which is created by the individual solution. Collective bargaining is solving the problem created by the individualization and creating employee need, which is addressing the employee relation and there are some problem with this approach. In this time, protective legislation provide the at least one employee needs which is very helpful for employee relation. In overall McDonalds trying to practice of mixed culture of individual bargaining, collective bargaining and protective legislation. By considering overall discussion, the changes in HR function can be developing the good employee relations which are as follows: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Employees see the reason for change for a good employee relation. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Employees understand why change is important for employee relation and see how it will help them and the business in the long and short term. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The people who need to be committed to the change to make it happen are recognised. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ A coalition of support is built for change and creates a good employee relation. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The support of key individuals in the organisation is enlisted that is a good example of employee relation. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The link between the change and other HR systems such as staffing, training, appraisal, rewards, structure and communication is understood. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The systems implications of the change are recognised. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ A means of measuring the success of change is identified for the successful employee relation. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Plans are made to monitor progress of employee relation in the implementation of change. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The first steps in getting change started are recognised. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Plans are made to keep attention focused on the change. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The likely need to adapt the change over time is recognised and plans can readily be made and implemented for such adaptations. Task e: Conclude by taking the key elements of your observations in steps a-d regarding McDonalds approach to employee relations in order to make a short recommendation for similar countries or organisations with regard to developing and/or improving their employee relations. From the above discussion, it is clear that McDonalds can operate most of the area independently in employee relation. After long time, McDonalds started the collective bargaining with the union in Germany. But, in UK, they dont like to operate the collective bargaining with union. Because, the change in the method was improving their corporate image. In that time McDonalds follows the pluralist principles though they are resisting of union at restaurants level. McDonalds leading the MNCs in the world and they are successfully handled the corporate level work council and they established it in a small number of restaurants. After that, by this system the unemployment increased and they are confused with their system. However, the adaptability of the system may be a double-edged sword for workers. On the hand it provides workers with rights to representation, but on the other hand its flexibility may in part be dependent on undermining workers terms and condition. (Royale and Tower, 2002) Royle (2000) said that, on the basis of German collective bargaining system which is represent the other countries in the Europe as well. As a MNC company McDonalds is likely to adopt the non-union strategies. As for McDonalds, looks like to continue to dominate and set the agenda for the fast-food sector in the short and medium term. In the meantime, they drive for more efficiencies and more standardized procedures looks set to continue, placing pay and conditions under increasing pressure. In this time they tried to utilize a new approach like individual bargaining and tried improve employee relation between employee and management. They also tried to try some changes in the HR function to improvise the employee relation strategies. By taking the different step for developing the employee relation like UK and Germany, other countries McDonalds corporate body and similar organization can follow their strategies. The other fact is that, which procedure a company following, there should be good negotiation with the employee and then the employee relation will be good. For any bargaining there should be the some steps like- Setting the objectives, define the strategic plan and assembling data Opening Bargaining Closing Like UK and Germany, other country follows the above procedure that will be good for making a good employee relation. Besides that they should keep in mind the following things for developing their employee relation. The bargaining process is used in the hope of coming to a settlement. Legitimate tactics during negotiations should not shake the basic belief in each others integrity. Off the record discussions are mutually beneficial. Both sides should be prepared to move from their original positions. A series of offers and counter offers should be expected. Concessions cannot be withdrawn. Conditional offers, unlike firm offers can be withdrawn. Third parties should not be involved while there is still chance for agreement. The final agreement should be clear and accurate Besides the above factors to build up a good employee relation there should be skilled negotiation and bargaining management. Bargaining skills: Bargaining skills are as follows: Sense what the opposition wants to achieve. Being able to withhold own objectives. Flexible realism seeking a reasonable settlement. Respect for the opposition views. Sensitivity for mood changes. Negotiating skills: Negotiating skills are as follows: Analytical ability assessing factors affecting the negotiation process. Empathy being able to view the situation from the oppositions perspective. Planning ability developing and implementing a strategy. Interactive skills relating with other people. Communicating skills convey information and arguments. From all of the discussion, it can be said that for good employee relation the management strategies and all the development should go through in a right way.

History :: essays research papers

In my paper the Democratic Candidates are Al Gore and Bill Bradley. They both have a lot of the same views on issues that have come out in the campaigning. For the Rebublicans it is George W. Bush and John McCain. Both of these guys have different views on their issues. The debates between these two men have really been heating up and it will be interesting to see the outcome of this election. But also on the other side of this the Democratic battle has also been a though one but I think Bradley will drop out. He feels and knows he is over matched. Al Gore served in the U.S. Army in Vietnam. He worked for seven years as a newspaper reporter and then was elected to Congress from Tennessee. After eight years in the House of Representatives and eight years as an U.S. Senator from Tennessee, he was elected Vice President of the United States.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For almost seven years, Al Gore has been a central member of President Clinton's economic team -- helping to design the program that has led to our strong economy, casting the tie-breaking Senate vote for the plan in 1993, helping to pass the first balanced budget in 30 years. He has helped to usher in the longest peacetime economic expansion in American history -- with over 18 million new jobs, wages rising twice the rate of inflation, the lowest African-American and Hispanic poverty on record, the highest level of private home ownership ever, more investment in our cities, and the lowest unemployment in 29 years.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since his days in the House and Senate, Vice President Gore's environmental record has been unparalleled. He leads the Administration's efforts to protect the environment in a way that also strengthens the economy -- such as working with the Big Three auto makers to support the development of a new generation of fuel- and energy-efficient vehicles, and working to combat global warming in a way that also creates new jobs, by helping America lead the estimated $400 billion worldwide market for new technologies that clean up the environment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bill Bradley was born on July 28, 1943, in Crystal City, Missouri, the only child of Warren and Susan Bradley. The Bradleys lived a comfortable, middle-class life in a small, multiracial, multiethnic town on the banks of the Mississippi River, thirty-six miles south of St. Louis. The Crystal City of Bill's youth was a blue-collar company town with a single stoplight and a population of 3,492. With the support of his family and the close-knit community around him,

America Needs Its Nerds Essay

The socially and physically inept, the outcasts, often associated with computers and books- these characteristics constitute the stereotype of the average geek. Students are afraid to reveal their identities in an environment among their peers because of the fear of being an outcast among the idolized jocks. In an excerpt from â€Å"America Needs Its Nerds† Harvard student and writer Leonid Fridman expresses his disgust for the unjust treatment of individuals who are essential to our country- the geeks. He addresses the American public with a call to action to put geeks into their deserved positions, giving them hope and motivation to express their own identities. Fridman utilizes irony when discussing how even Harvard students are being picked on, as well as the compare and contrast between America’s discouraging treatment of the nerd to East Asia and China’s praising of them, to represent how the fear of social rejection has forced these mistreated intellects t o hide their academic capabilities. Leonid Fridmen is disappointment with the fact that even at Harvard, one of the top Ivy League colleges, students are still picked on because of their levels of intellect. It is ironic that even at one of the top colleges in America where nerds and geeks dominate the realm of the school that â€Å"anti-intellectualism is rampant†. Social standing competes with intelligence even at the most academic institution, showing America that students are â€Å"ashamed† of their intellect because of the negative stereotypes society degraded them with. Fridman also employs irony when referring to â€Å"get[ting] wasted at parties† by describing how nerds avoid damaging their brain and bodies, but are punished socially for not  physically hurting themselves. Fridman’s call to action addresses the American public as being erroneous in their actions of idolizing the nonintellectual while demeaning the studious intellectuals when he compares America’s academic values to those of East Asia’s. In America, athletes and celebrities are rewarded and more prevalent in society then those interested in pursuing academics. With these characteristics of our society, it is impossible to â€Å"compete in the technology rate† or be a â€Å"leading political and cultural force† with other countries who encourage academics rather than reject the individuals who excel in it. Fridman’s belief of demeaning the intellectual is a continual paradigm in our society today. In 2003, Arnold Schwarzenegger was elected to be the Governor of California; however, it was primarily for his name recognition as a body builder and film star, lacking any experience working in government. Although Schwarzenegger lacked the intellectual knowledge he needed, he was elected because the public idolized him. The public is more interested in the media and athletics and neglect to realize the important impact researchers and intellects have on our world. Colleges pay college athletic coaches more than the professors working at an institution. Americans pay more on professional sports then they do to fund cancer research or education. As USA Today wrote, â€Å"You can get a Nobel Prize at your university and you won’t get anywhere near that attention. And so I think between the public and the media, they are telling us what they value.† The public is involved, and often times addicted, to athletes or social media and reject the academically motivated as outcasts from the ideal society. Unfortunately, this public is unaware of the capabilities of academic achievement and the progress it has brought us in our world.

Medicare Funding Crisis Essay

As the newly appointed chief of staff I have been tasked with responding to a proposal for reducing Medicare expenditures by enrolling participants in HMO. I understand that we have some key questions must be addressed and that we must justify our position on either economic efficiency or equity grounds. Outlined below are some of the questions that must be answered in order address this issue properly. Is Medicare in a state of crisis? Are you aware of the various policies that are being enacted from each state to state regarding the qualification of Medicare? Medicare is funded by the federal government and each state is responsible for operating the Medicare program as well as the local Medicaid programs. However, premiums have increased for Medicare and also, the coverage has changed in the past few years requiring people to purchase additional supplemental Medicare policies – this is difficult for elderly that have fixed incomes. If the elderly are unable to purchase Medicare, they will go uninsured. The Medicare system is double-funded. It is funded by the taxpayer (federal dollar) as well as the premiums being collected. But, in being double-funded, the coverage is still not as high as most private insurance companies making them appear with less quality. Are radical measures necessary to preserve the program? This is a very interesting question and you will have to take a more subjective approach to answering it. I don’t believe there are radical measures that must be taken to preserve the program because it is funded through two divisions – the federal government (taxpayer) and the premiums being collected. However, the cost of providing the medical services is much higher than the cost being collected. Perhaps a more responsible approach would be to evaluate the cost of the medical services being provided and standardize a cost table among all insurance companies including Medicare. For example, a client may be seen by a physician for a regular check-up and that provider is only allowed to charge Medicare $65. If a client came to that same physician with a private insurance policy, that physician is allowed to charge the private insurance $120. What happens then is that the service under the Medicare payment is not provided in the most quality manner (although, physicians will argue this) because they are getting paid much less by Medicare rates. The physician may spend more time, energy, and commitment to a private paying client because they are getting almost twice the amount of money from the private insurance. It is a matter of motivational service-delivery. The radical measures that need to take place are increasing Medicare rates of reimbursement or mandating lower rates of private insurance to neutralize the risk of receiving poor quality services. How is Medicare funded now? The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), a branch of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), is the federal agency that runs the Medicare Program and monitors Medicaid programs offered by each state. (In 2011, Medicare covered 48.7 million people. Total expenditures in 2011 were $549.1 billion. This money comes from the Medicare Trust Funds. (Medicare.Gov (2010). About OTPN. Retrieved from http://www.medicare.gov/about-us/how-medicare-is-funded/medicare-funding.html) Medicare is funded by the federal government (the taxpayer’s federal taxes out of their paychecks). People may believe that social security pays for Medicare, but it doesn’t. If less people are working, less money is going into the federal â€Å"pool† of money to distribute to Medicare. The nation is at an all-time high for reported unemployment – that means that there is millions of dollars not going into the fund account for Medicare. However, just as many people are seeking medical coverage from Medicare – an imbalance occurs. Why do the elderly feel that Medicare is an insurance program, not a welfare program? Is this perception accurate? Some elderly, in my opinion, believe that Medicare is an insurance program that they are entitled to. During the Great Society movement in the 40’s-60’s, various governmental programs were designed to provide citizens entitlements to human services and welfare needs. The Medicare and Medicaid coverage was designed to provide those that do not have any means to pay for health care a way in which they could maintain their health needs – a right that the government and society has deemed every person should be entitled to; their health. So, depending on the culture, upbringing, and personal philosophy.

Effective Articles or Not essays

Effective Articles or Not essays From 1781 to 1789, the Articles of Confederation have been known to provide the United States with an ineffective form of government. Soon after the Revolutionary War in America, the Continental Congress adopted the Articles of Confederation, while a new government was being started. These Articles were brought to set up a democratic government that gave the States the power to make their own laws and to enforce them. However, from my perspective, these Articles did not provide the United States with an effective government. During the time of this period, regionalism and disorder was being developed by the Continental Congress controlling the public affairs, while there was nothing in the Articles that gave Congress the power to enforce laws or unify the States. Also, there wasnt any solid monetary system to ensure that taxes would be paid or to protect commerce about nationally and foreign trade, and the country lacked unity and strength because there was no leadership. One of my reasons for the Articles not being effectual is the fact that Congress only had the power to recommend actions to the States. This could not be put into effect its recommendations or laws. Each State had its individual constitution, monetary system, and means to enforce the law. Each State also had a stronger commitment to the State laws and to the State's own self-interests, rather than to the recommendations of Congress. Regionalism eroded one State against another. This decreased the sense of unity in the country. For example, when Congress recommended a sense of duty on imported goods, the State of Rhode Island voted to reject the idea because they felt it was unfair and was against the constitution of the state. The Articles also failed to provide a solid monetary system to ensure that taxes would be paid or to protect commerce. Congress had no way to collect taxes to pay off pre-war debts. This then led to chaos and disorder. ...

World War I1 essays

World War I1 essays World War I became known as the "Great War" because it was the biggest war ever in the history of the world. It was supposed to be the war to end all wars. But it wasn't, 20 years later Germany rebuilt its army, and tried again to take over Europe. The peace treaties were partially responsible for World War II. The end of World War I came after 4 years of harsh fighting. When the Americans joined the war effort in April of 1917, the Allies were given unlimited industrial and manpower resources. The US were decisive in winning the war, by sending about 10,000 soldiers per day, over to Europe. Revolution in Germany finally brought an end to the war. In October, 1918, the people of Germany couldn't tolerate the slaughter no more. An armistice, based on Wilson's 14 points, was signed on November 11, 1918. Germany had to evacuate all territory west of the Rhine immediately. The Treaty of Versailles, named for the French palace where it was unveiled, was put together by 70 delegates; representing 27 victorious allied nations at, what was called, the Paris Peace Conference. Germany nor Russia were allowed to attend the conference because Russia, who broke away from the war, because of conflicts at home, signed a separate peace treaty with Germany. The leaders of the "Big Four," consisting of Woodrow Wilson from the US, Georges Clemenceau from France, David Lloyd George from England, and Vittorio Orlando from Italy, made most of the important decisions at the Conference. Clemenceau was a tough, determined, and skillful politician. He was also a vengeful, old man. He was determined that Germany should not only suffer for what they had done, but that the peace terms should make it impossible for Germany to wage war ever again. Lloyd George was also a skillful politician. He wanted Germany's war leaders to be punished. And he was determined that none of Wilson's 14 points should be allowed to interfere with Eng...

Presidents Who Were Masons

Presidents Who Were Masons There are at least 14 presidents who were Masons, or Freemasons, according to the secretive fraternal organization and presidential historians. The list of presidents who were Masons includes the likes of George Washington and Theodore Roosevelt to Harry S. Truman and Gerald Ford. Truman was one of two presidents- the other was Andrew Jackson- to achieve the rank of grandmaster, the highest ranking position in a Masonic lodge jurisdiction. Washington, meantime, earned the highest possible position, that of master, and has a Masonic memorial named after him in Alexandria, Virginia, whose mission is to highlight the contributions of Freemasons to the nation. American presidents were among many of the nations most powerful men who were members of the Freemasons. Joining the organization was seen as a rite of passage, even a civic duty, in the 1700s. It also got some presidents into trouble. Here is a complete list of presidents who were Masons, drawn from the organizations own records as well as the historians who chronicled its importance in American life. George Washington Washington, the nations first president, became a Mason in Fredericksburg, Virginia, in 1752. He has been quoted as saying, The object of Freemasonry is to promote the happiness of the human race. James Monroe Monroe, the nations fifth president, was initiated as a Freemason in 1775 before he was even 18 years old. He eventually became a member of the Masons lodge in Williamsburg, Virginia. Andrew Jackson Jackson, the nations seventh president, was considered a devout Mason who defended the lodge from critics. Andrew Jackson was loved by the Craft. He was Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Tennessee and presided with masterly ability. He died as a Mason should die. He met the great Masonic foe and fell calmly beneath his silent blows, it was said of Jackson at the installation of a monument on his behalf in Memphis, Tennessee. James K. Polk Polk, the 11th president, began as a Mason in 1820 and achieved the rank of junior warden in his jurisdiction in Columbia, Tennessee, and earned the royal arch degree. In 1847, he helped in a Masonic ritual of laying a cornerstone at the Smithsonian Institute, Washington, D.C., according to William L. Boyden. Boyden was a historian who wrote Masonic Presidents, Vice Presidents, and signers of the Declaration of Independence. James Buchanan Buchanan, our 15th president and only commander-in-chief to be a bachelor in the White House, joined the Masons in 1817 and achieved the rank of district deputy grand master in his home state of Pennsylvania. Andrew Johnson Johnson, the 17th president of the United States, was a loyal Mason. According to Boyden, At the cornerstone laying of the Baltimore Temple some one suggested that a chair be brought to the reviewing platform for him. Brother Johnson refused it, saying: We all meet on the level. James A. Garfield Garfield, the nations 20th president, was made a Mason in 1861in Columbus, Ohio. William McKinley McKinley, the nations 25th president, was made a Mason in 1865 in Winchester, Virginia. Todd E. Creason, founder of the Midnight Freemasons blog, wrote this about the understated McKinley: He was trusted. He listened much more than he spoke. He was willing to admit when he was wrong. But McKinley’s greatest character trait was his honesty and integrity. He twice turned down the nomination for President because he felt each time that the Republican Party had violated its own rules in nominating him. He squashed the nomination both times-something a politician today would probably view as an unthinkable act. William McKinley is a very good example of what a true and upright Mason should be. Theodore Roosevelt Roosevelt, the 26th president, was made a Freemason in New York in 1901. He was known for his virtue and refusal to use his status as a Mason for political gain. Wrote Roosevelt: If you are a mason you will of course understand that it is expressly forbidden in masonry to attempt to use the order in any way for anyone’s political advantage, and it must not be done. I should emphatically object to any effort so to use it. William Howard Taft Taft, the 27th president, was made a Mason in 1909, just before becoming president. He was made a Mason at sight by the grand master of Ohio, meaning he did not have to earn his acceptance into the lodge like most others do. Warren G. Harding Harding, the 29th president, first sought acceptance into the Masonic brotherhood in 1901 but was initially blackballed. He was eventually accepted and held no grudges, wrote John R. Tester of Vermont. While president, Harding took every opportunity to speak for Masonry and attend Lodge meetings when he could, he wrote. Franklin D. Roosevelt Roosevelt, the 32nd president, was a 32nd Degree Mason. Harry S. Truman Truman, the 33rd president, was grand master and 33rd degree Mason. Gerald R. Ford Ford, the 38th president, is the most recent to have been a Mason. He began with the fraternity in 1949. No president since Ford has been a Freemason.

The Importance of Marketing in the Twenty-First Century Essay

The Importance of Marketing in the Twenty-First Century - Essay Example This will be explained better with the help of material available in text books such as the one written by Baines, Fill and Page (2008) and a few concepts from other books such as Principles of Marketing by Philip Kotler and Gary Armstrong. Pepsi is a carbonated drink that was developed in the United States of America as Brad’s drink in 1898 and in its existence, of more than a century; it changed its name twice. First change resulted in Pepsi Cola and then finally Pepsi. The trademark received recognition in 1902. There have been various Pepsi variants produced over the years, as will be discussed shortly. Many changes in the marketing strategy have taken place from the very beginning including in the change of its logo design. Currently, Pepsi has a share of 43.9% in the beverage industry in the USA. As explained by Philip Kotler, in his book Marketing Principles, marketing environment is a set of conditions that either directly or indirectly affect the performance of a brand or a product. These include various factors such as government regulation, culture, social factors and many others. Pepsi is a global product that is marketed throughout the world. Though it does not change its product but does alter other marketing strategies. It is important to discuss two factors here. Firstly, due to increased consumer protection and awareness amongst individuals, Pepsi had to become more conscious about its product’s ingredients and other related quality measures with respect to that. Another aspect of the environment is the competition that they face. The fiercest competition comes from the side of Coca Cola. Although, it is more expensive but still it is the second largest carbonated beverage with a market share of nearly 30.9% in USA. Other competition comes from Nestle fresh juices and now also Red Bull. However, they are not that close behind. Some people have a perception that established brands such as Pepsi do

Compare and Contrast Three Computers and Recommend the Best Essay

Compare and Contrast Three Computers and Recommend the Best - Essay Example Compare and Contrast Three Computers and Recommend the Best Considering the importance of computer to a business organization, the decision of choosing one is highly significant. While choosing the best computer for a business organization one has to evaluate all aspects. At least three computers must be chosen and their features should be compared and contrasted and then the best one should be chosen. Best computer for an organization should have a fast processor, ample storage capacity, fulfill audio video needs and should support optical device. Other features like ability to upgrade and expand and support/warranty should also be considered. Acer Veriton VM670G-UQ9501C Acer Veriton is designed for business organization and is capable of running all business applications and software. It has 2.8 GHz Intel Core 2 Quad Processor and 4 GB 1333 MHz DDR3 RAM. 320GB memory means that there is enough space for the organization to record all its data and store various documents. This memory can be expanded to 8GB and storage capacity can also be do ubled with the installation of memory cards. The dedicated ATI Radeon HD 4350 PRO video   in the machine one feature that distinguishes it with most other corporate desktops. This video card enables users to create a variety of new and vibrant brochures designs and make use of multimedia tools and applications in order to make the organization more profitable and productive . The machine has 10 Usb ports, Ethernet pert and DVD drive. It enables connection with printers, multimedia and other devices that aid business process. Moreover the machine comes with three year warranty and users have complete support and assistance from the manufacturer. Apple iMAC Apple iMAC is easily available in stores and online. Apple iMac is ideal for viewing high definition content and using application that require high resolution. The machine has 3.06 GHz Intel Core 2 Duo processor and 4GB of memory. It has 500GB SATA hard drive which is more than sufficient for data storage for average business us er. â€Å"Hard drive storage can be expanded to a huge capacity of 2TB. The maximum levels of hard drive space, processor speed and memory capacity are far greater than the average business user will ever need.†( â€Å"Apple iMac Review†, n.d). Though the led technology screen displays colors accurately it is reported that the screen lacks reflective coating. â€Å"Especially under fluorescent lights, the screen acts as a mirror and reflects its surroundings, making the completion of tasks difficult at best.† ( â€Å"Apple iMac Review†, n.d) The iMAC has highly effective data transfer tools. The thunderbolt port transfers data up to 12 times faster than any usb port and it is also more versatile.(apple, 2011). It does not have Ethernet port but it has an in built Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. The iMAC comes with 90 days of support over the telephone for any sort of assistance and a 1 year warranty. Apple iMAC is ideal for firms that make use of high definition con tent for instance advertisement agencies but for other firms for instance accountancy firm, its massive memory and high resolution might be of little use. HP Compaq 6000 Pro The base processor of HP Compaq 600 pro is the Intel Celeron 450 that runs at 2.20 GHz. It can be upgraded to a maximum of 2.66 to 3.0 Core 2 Quad processor. It has 2 GB memory which can be extended to 16

Advance managerial accounting Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Advance managerial accounting Report - Essay Example This implies that data turns into information for purposes of making decisions. In the same way, Ferrara’s article â€Å"21st Century Paradigm,† the focus is on cost especially concerning industrial engineering. When Ferrara says that the volume of activity is still a problem as fixed costs grow depending on variable costs, the main point is that profitability is dependent costs. Just like Drucker, Ferrara proposes that costs affect the number of products. This is what he refers to as activity costing. In the two articles, authors clearly bring out the issue of marginal changes ignoring the impact of accounting. Data, therefore, is imperative in the two cases for continuous improvement like cutting down on the selling over a period. At the final stage, Drucker and Ferrara establish that information is crucial in any accounting system, whereby it should deal with the two issues of assigning costs between and within product lines. The next articles as well focus on utilizing costs to make decisions. Cooper and Kaplan, for instance, examine how important products are critical in controlling the costs within the market. They, at first, agree with Ferrara that costs are becoming less variable. This implies that they are the dependent factors transferring products to be independent. Cooper and Kaplan reveal that most costs change depending on the shift and diversity of products within the economy as opposed to the number of products produced (Kaplan and Atkinson 2). With reference to what Drucker tries to bring to surface on accounting systems and information, Cooper and Kaplan tend to agree with him that conventional accounting systems make more products appear more expensive than they really are. The clearest point that brings all the articles together is that management decisions vary depending on the number of product complexity as opposed to the amount. Cooper and Kaplan as well

The Fourteenth Amendment Analysis Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Fourteenth Amendment Analysis - Article Example The police took notice of the car, and when they confronted her, she conceded of having cocaine. The issue under contention is whether the anonymous tip amounted to reasonable suspicion. The court was of the opinion that such an act amounts to reasonable suspicion (Engdahl, 2009). The court was of the opinion that the basis of knowledge, reliability, and veracity are the main basis amounting to the definition of reasonable suspicion. The anonymous caller satisfied all these conditions. The stop and Frisk search occurs when a police officer encounters a suspicious person, and to prevent an occurrence of crime, they conduct a frisk search (Engdahl, 2009). A stop amounts to temporary interference with the liberty of an individual. The police can implement this concept, only when they have grounds to be reasonably suspicious of a person. Probable cause is a higher of the belief that is supported by facts and can satisfy the threshold of prosecuting a person to a court of law (Engdahl, 2009). This concept is mostly used when a law enforcement agent applies for a search and an arrest warrant. The agent must prove a probable the existence of a probable cause. The Fourth Amendment protects against unreasonable searches, and entry, but gives an exemption when there exists a probable cause to conduct the search. A valid arrest warrant must show probable cause. The Supreme Court in Carol vs. US, 1971 was of the opinion that information under the police custody providing a valid ground to believe that a crime is about to take place is an element of a probable cause (Engdahl, 2009). The warrant must describe the place and person to be searched. Warrants must provide details of the person under investigation, and the place under suspicion. The address of the place and a vivid description of the suspected person is essential for purposes of the person from the crowd. The magistrate who issues the arrest warrant must be impartial. The magistrate must not be a member of the executive branch, as this contravenes this law.

International Financial Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

International Financial Management - Essay Example The paper tells that Ð µhe world is now a global village – a phenomenon which can be interpreted as a fact that the advancement in communication and technology has integrated the various economies on the globe. A brief analysis of the current economic scenario of any country would reveal that it is, in one way or the other, dependent on the social and economical activities of the other countries. A downward plunge in the New York stock exchange is likely to send shockwaves all across the globe which can be felt in financial market as further as Far East countries. Recently, when the cherished credit rating of United State of America was downgraded to AA+ from AAA, it caused turmoil at a global stage especially in the European countries. All the giant economies such as China and India were badly affected. The economies are have become interlinked in this era due to the fact that now the firms are indulging in international trade and have started exploring markets outside their place of origin. Companies such as HSBC holdings, General Electric, ExxonMobil, British Petroleum and Toyota Motor have two things in common. First, they are the leading and biggest multinationals in the world and second, they all practice prudent international financial management. From a theoretical point of view, the firms engage in international trade in order to obtain comparative advantage which allows the firms to penetrate the foreign markets. Other popular explanations for the firms indulging in the international trade are the product cycle theory and imperfect market theory. There are several ways through which a firm can participate in international business. The most common methods are International Trade Licensing Franchising Joint Ventures Acquisition of companies Foreign subsidiary International Financial Markets In today’s economy, international business is carried out at international financial market. These markets can be categorized as foreign exchange mar ket, international money market, international credit market, international bond market and international stock market. Foreign Exchange market allows for the trading of different currencies at a rate which is determined based on several facts such as inflation and relative interest rates. Foreign exchange market is not a specific building or place; rather the companies indulge in foreign currency transaction through commercial banks and telecommunication networks. Foreign exchange dealers serve intermediaries between the companies who intend to enter into a foreign exchange transaction. In International Money Market, the trading of currency futures and options takes place. Globalization have abridged the distances and abridged the financial bridges between the countries. Multinationals can now obtain medium and long term loan from banks and financial institution located in other countries. Especially in Europe these loans are termed as euro credit loans and are transacted in the Eu ro Credit market. The international credit markets are now developing rapidly in Asia and South America. Recent global economic events have revealed

The Godbeite Movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Godbeite Movement - Essay Example The most victorious of the recusant sects was established by Joseph Smith, who was the prophet's son, and who, with his brothers Alexander H. and David Hyrum, remained a Nauvoo after the emigration. After a few years, Joseph was requested to become the head of the oddments of the Strangites and Cutlerites who had organized a new church. At first Joseph Smith turned down the request, but then in 1860, looking at the considerable increase in the number of members due to the breaking up of other parties, he accented the call as prophet and initiated to preach the faith of his father. He avowed it in its original purity and denied the claims of Brigham and the dogma of polygamy. This division spread rapidly throughout Illinois, Missouri, and Iowa, the apostates being termed Josephites by the followers of Brigham, but styling themselves to be the Reorganized Church of Latter-day Saints. It was checked in Uthah, by fear of harassment, and the movement was not marked until mid 1863. It was the same year when two Josephite missionaries, named E. C. Briggs and Alexander McCord, reached the Salt Lake City after crossing the plains. As the messengers of the gospel, and calling on Brigham, they told him the object of their delegation, and saught consent to preach in the tabernacle. They were definitely not permitted, nor were the allowed to use any other public building as well. As a result of this the missionaries visited from house to house, offered prayers for the inmates, and insisted them to join the true faith. They proved successful and then at first singly, then by dozens and scores, people converted. The Expulsion of Godbe and Harrison While the controversy between the prophet's sons and the prophet's nephew was at its height, an article appeared in the Utah Magazine, which administered by W. S. Godbe and E. L. T. Harrison themselves, that stated; "If we know the true feeling of our brethren, it is that they never intend Joseph Smith's nor any other man's son to preside over them simply because of their sonship. The principle of heirship has cursed the world for ages, and with our brethren we expect to fight it till, with every other relic of tyranny, it is trodden under foot." The magazine also elucidated the part of adjudication between the disputants, and otherwise gave throbbing offence to the church dignitaries. Another article that was published urged the development of the mineral resources of Utah, a measure which found no favor with Brigham, and stated 'for thus would the flood-gates be opened to the gentiles, while the saints might be tempted to worship at the shrine of Mammon, "I want to make a wall so t hick and so high around the territory," he once exclaimed in the tabernacle, "that it would be impossible for the gentiles to get over or through it."' Eventually, the elders were beckoned before the school of prophets, the examining source for the offenders before being tried by the high council, and although the most somber accusation against them was the publication of the article on mineral developments, resultantly, both Godbe and Harrison were debarred from the church. However, none of them tried justify the charges brought against them. Their fortification was confined simply to the question of their purported apostasy, and to the authority of the priesthood. When their instance was brought to the high council, the recusants, instead of

International Financial Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

International Financial Management - Essay Example The paper tells that Ð µhe world is now a global village – a phenomenon which can be interpreted as a fact that the advancement in communication and technology has integrated the various economies on the globe. A brief analysis of the current economic scenario of any country would reveal that it is, in one way or the other, dependent on the social and economical activities of the other countries. A downward plunge in the New York stock exchange is likely to send shockwaves all across the globe which can be felt in financial market as further as Far East countries. Recently, when the cherished credit rating of United State of America was downgraded to AA+ from AAA, it caused turmoil at a global stage especially in the European countries. All the giant economies such as China and India were badly affected. The economies are have become interlinked in this era due to the fact that now the firms are indulging in international trade and have started exploring markets outside their place of origin. Companies such as HSBC holdings, General Electric, ExxonMobil, British Petroleum and Toyota Motor have two things in common. First, they are the leading and biggest multinationals in the world and second, they all practice prudent international financial management. From a theoretical point of view, the firms engage in international trade in order to obtain comparative advantage which allows the firms to penetrate the foreign markets. Other popular explanations for the firms indulging in the international trade are the product cycle theory and imperfect market theory. There are several ways through which a firm can participate in international business. The most common methods are International Trade Licensing Franchising Joint Ventures Acquisition of companies Foreign subsidiary International Financial Markets In today’s economy, international business is carried out at international financial market. These markets can be categorized as foreign exchange mar ket, international money market, international credit market, international bond market and international stock market. Foreign Exchange market allows for the trading of different currencies at a rate which is determined based on several facts such as inflation and relative interest rates. Foreign exchange market is not a specific building or place; rather the companies indulge in foreign currency transaction through commercial banks and telecommunication networks. Foreign exchange dealers serve intermediaries between the companies who intend to enter into a foreign exchange transaction. In International Money Market, the trading of currency futures and options takes place. Globalization have abridged the distances and abridged the financial bridges between the countries. Multinationals can now obtain medium and long term loan from banks and financial institution located in other countries. Especially in Europe these loans are termed as euro credit loans and are transacted in the Eu ro Credit market. The international credit markets are now developing rapidly in Asia and South America. Recent global economic events have revealed

Contract and Procurement Essay Example for Free

Contract and Procurement Essay Contract and procurement are imperative operations that should be done appropriately for the success of an organization. More often than not, people who are in judge of procurement do take these activities less seriously (MOLENAAR, 2007). Due to such concern most institutions have put in place stringent measures that control all the procurement transactions. In addition to that, people should be employed to be responsible for this duty according to the policies of many institutions should be highly trained (MOSEY, 2009). This sudden change that has taken place in many companies and organizations has real improved the output of the department of procurement hence most activities run smoothly as scheduled. The directors of the department of procurement partly determine the success or the failure of a project that is undergoing. Therefore, the managers of projects work very closely with the procurement officers to ensure that everything that is required is provided whenever its need arises. It is significant that, there exists a good relationship between the project managers and the procurement officers (MOSEY, 2009). If that is not the case, then there shall be contradicting ideas that will jeopardize the progress of the project. It is worth noting that, the duties and responsibilities of the procurement officers vary in accordance with the structure of an organization. This shows that, different procurement divisions have got structures which are designed to make management coordination and monitoring. This arrangement is imperative in improvement of the efficiency of the procurement activities. As aforementioned, the project manager should coordinate the transaction in collaboration with procurement manager to acquire all the requirements. The transactions which are carried out to achieve this are done un der the interpretation of the set policies, rules and regulations (BOWER, 2003). The rules and regulations set by the institution to ensure that the activities are carried out in harmony within all the departments that exist in a company. Unlike in the past, procurement process has dynamically changed and incorporated more activities. It only used to involve purchasing of goods and services required, but that is not the case nowadays (MOSEY, 2009). In procurement planning is done first. It determines whether to purchase a given commodity and if it should be bought the way it should be bought and quantity to be supplied. After this, reliable and potential supplies are determined, and contracts made with to supply the goods ordered (MOLENAAR, 2007). Before a contract is signed, thorough scrutiny is done by evaluating the proposals of the shortlisted vendors and interviews conducted to select the one that is unparalleled in offering those services and goods. After that, the one that emerges the best is awarded the contract. Supervision of the supply is done by the procurement office. Procurement process gives support to the internal activities that are done within an organization. The operations served include management, production and marketing services. It supports all the processes, infrastructure and systems required by the projects. In other the dimension, a procurement body that is independent and separate provides all the things required by the project on a transaction basis (BOWER, 2003). In this case, the director of the project gives a list of things which are required and the procurement officer buys and coordinates the goods until they reach at the company to be used. In either organizational structure, the procurement manager is involved in generating and managing the operational transactions and the linkage that exists between all the stakeholders of the project. This relationship that is created by the procurement manager exists in the whole procurement cycle period (MOSEY, 2009). The relationship between procurement professionals and the project management team is significant in that it creates a better environment for cross functional participation of all stakeholders. Moreover, it enables the procurement department to produce the best services to the project (DINSMORE CABANIS-BREWIN, 2011). Therefore, for the procurement office to fit properly in the organization it must be well acquitted with the management strategies of the project. In a project based organization, there are about five general steps of procurement. Foremost, in collaboration with management, the procurement office should determine the requirements of the project. After determining what the requirements, the supplier is selected, who in agreement with project managers and the procurement professionals is given a contract to supply goods and services. The procurement department supervises and conducts routine assessment on the performance of the supplier until the contract ends (DINSMORE CABANIS-BREWIN, 2011). In centralized corporate management, there is an interaction between the principal stakeholders; the corporate purchasing coordination team, the chief executive officer, the chief purchasing officer, the managers of the business units and the purchasers of the business unit (SANKAR RAU, 2006). All of them have well defined roles and responsibilities in the procurement process. Most companies use formal organizational mechanisms like working groups and commodity teams, non-formal mechanisms of networking like employing competent people and initiating development programs, advanced systems of communication and use of complex management strategies (PENFIELD, 2010). In the centralized business unit procurement, the business units operate autonomously despite the fact that they are under one enterprise. The business unit creates a procurement order ships it to another business unit for supplier. Proper accounting records are kept to show the financial transactions between the two business units (SANKAR RAU, 2006). References BOWER, D. (2003). Management of procurement. London, Thomas Telford. DINSMORE, P. C., CABANIS-BREWIN, J. (2011). The AMA handbook of project management. New York, American Management Association MOLENAAR, K. R. (2007). Alternative project delivery, procurement, and contracting methods for highways. Reston, American Society of Civil Engineers. PENFIELD, P. C. (2010). A primer on negotiating corporate purchase contracts. [New York, N.Y.] (222 East 46th Street, New York, NY 10017), Business Expert Press SANKAR, C. S., RAU, K.-H. (2006). Implementation strategies for SAP R/3 in a multinational organization: lessons from a real-world case study. Hershey, Pennsylvania, CyberTech. MOSEY, D. (2009). Early Contractor Involvement in Building Procurement Contracts, Partnering and Project Management. Chichester, John Wiley Sons.

Automatism and Veristic Surrealism

Automatism and Veristic Surrealism Surrealism was a means of reuniting conscious and unconscious realms of experience so completely, that the world of dream and fantasy would be joined to the everyday rational world in an absolute reality, a surreality. Andre Breton, a major spokesman of the movement gave this proclamation as the principal founder of Surrealism. This paper will start off by explaining the main influences on Surrealism art; The cultural Movement called Dada, the principal founders of Surrealism; Andre Breton, Sigmund Freud and a psychiatrist, Carl Jung. Two separate forms of expression in Surrealism arose through different conceptual theories which derived from specific formations such as Dadaism and the theories of Breton, Freud and Jung. Through the clarification of the founding and influences on Surrealism, the research question: Surrealism art and the comparisons of the two formations of Automatism and Veristic Surrealism will be responded. The founding of the Surrealist movement has a great deal to do with the development of the two eccentric groups; Verisitic surrealism and Automatism. The beginnings of the Surrealist movement and how it derived from the Ideas of the Dada movement in World War I will be explained in the first section of this paper. The Dada movement was a cultural movement that came to believe that the true cause of the war arrived upon the ideas of excessive rational thought and bourgeois values. Surrealism flourished as a reaction to Dadaism, but rather than the negative approach Dadaism had, Surrealists developed a constructive approach in sharing their beliefs of rational thought to society. Surrealism has been greatly influenced by Andre Breton a French writer and poet, and the discoveries of Sigmund Freud and his co-workers. During the war Andre Breton trained in medicine and psychiatry where he used psychoanalytic methods of Sigmund Freud, with the aim of trying to expand the potential of the mind by reconciling the opposing states of dream and reality.2 Freud was able to develop techniques allowing individuals to release their imagination through his exertion of work with free association, dream analysis, and the unconscious, which ultimately became of great importance to the Surrealists. Their accomplishments and investigations will be discussed further to form a basis of knowledge of the founding of Surrealism in order to be able to understand and compare Veristic Surrealism and Automatism to the fullest. In the next section Carl Jung will be discussed in relation to the formation of Automatism and Veristic Surrealism. A Swiss psychiatrist Carl Gustav Jung, was the founder of analytical psychology. Carl Jung was the first modern psychologist to deeply investigate the human mind and stated that our minds are in nature religious. He profoundly explored dream analysis as did Sigmund Freud. Jung stated that the images of the subconscious should be accepted as they came into consciousness and not be judged purely so that the images could be accurately evaluated. This principle is what founded the surrealism style of Automatism and is therefore a significant element to this paper. The automatisms came to express themselves in the abstract tradition, while the Veristic surrealists expressed themselves in the symbolic tradition. As a result of extracting the resemblance and contrasts in the judgments of the Veristic and Automatist groups, the research question will most efficiently be answered. Two famous artists: Pablo Picasso and Salvador Dalà ­, arrived from the principal ideas of Surrealism, yet they had very different ways of approaching their art styles which were formed by two different groups; Automatism and Veristic Surrealism. The works of Dali and Picasso will be compared thoroughly in this paper to further emphasize the distinction of the two groups. Picasso used and believed in the Automatism form of surrealism while Salvador Dalà ­ was a practitioner of the Veristic form of Surrealism. Picassos work developed into a more primary form of art rather than the traditional artistic practices where precision was essential. A majority of his work was based in the notion that childrens ingenuity can present us directly to the unconscious. Salvador Dalà ­s work juxtaposes anachronistic images which developed more directly from Dadaism. Dalà ­ profoundly believed that art should be studied and mastered, and that expression of the unconscious would become visible fro m metaphor. An important quality to surrealist works is the element of surprise, where often images are used with apparent lack of relative meaning in comparison to its context. Surrealism art is created through the subconscious mind with its purpose to create incomprehensible visual imagery. Relying greatly on theories from Sigmund Freud, Breton viewed the unconscious as the source of our imagination. The Surrealist movement carries on thriving throughout the world with persistent thought processes and investigations into the mind which have produced some of the finest art ever seen. 1 With this thought kept at the back of ones mind while reading this paper, the exhilarating question of the importance of Surrealism and how it came to evolve to two separate forms: Automatism and Veristic Surrealism will be carefully examined. Dadaism: The Dada movement was a cultural movement which flourished in the 20th century between world war I and II. They were known for questioning political culture in order to test the human mind and challenge it to view things in an entirely different manner than used to. The principal growth point of Surrealism was the founding of Dadaism during World War I, when famous artists and writers initially from Paris spread and became part of the Dada movement.2 The Dada movement created works of anti-art prior to World War I, which purposely defied reason. Surrealism emphasis was not on abolition of popular culture but on reinforcement of the power of positive expression of the mind. The Dada movement expressed a response against what they perceived as the destruction shaped by rationalism in the past which lead European culture and politics and began the terror of World War I.1 Due to the Dadaism attack on society at the end of the First World War, the Surrealist movement gained momentum. Tristan Tzara, the leader of the Dada movement aimed to attack society through scandal. Tzara strongly believed that art is not worthy for a society that creates war. Therefore he decided to give society anti-art; which is defined as ugliness rather than beauty. They intended to insult the new industrial commercial world, however they werent insulted, but instead thought that their rebellion was directed to the old art and patrons of feudalism and church domination. The Surrealist artists were those that did not embrace anti-art which got rid of what all artists have learned and passed on about art. Surrealism split into two separate groups in the 1930s when artists expressed themselves in the more symbolic or abstract tradition. These two groups were the Automatists and the Veristic Surrealists.2 The artists in the movement studied the works of Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud. To understand the Veristic and Automatist surrealists, the work of Freud and Jung will be analyzed in the next section. Andre Breton and Sigmund Freud: Andre Breton, a French writer and a poet, was the principal founder of Surrealism. Throughout World War I, Breton skilled in medicine and psychiatry at the neurological hospital, where he employed Sigmund Freuds psychoanalytic techniques with soldiers suffering from shell-shock. Using the psychoanalytic studies of Sigmund Freud, the surrealists attempted to increase the minds potential by integrating the separate states of dream and reality. Breton and his companions tried to place themselves in a hallucinatory state, in which they thought they were able to perfectly obtain their subconscious minds and extract pure thoughts, uncontaminated by the conscious mind and its rational restrictions.2 Freuds work with free association, dream analysis, and the unconscious, was essential for the Surrealists so that they could discover new ways to liberate the minds thoughts. They embraced unusual behavior, while rejecting its chance of mental illness. They emphasized the reality that one could combine inside the same frame, elements not normally found together to produce illogical and startling effects. In 1924, Breton included the idea of the juxtapositions in his manifesto: a juxtaposition of two more or less distant realities. The more the relationship between the two juxtaposed realities is distant and true, the stronger the image will be the greater its emotional power and poetic reality. The literary journal Littà ©rature contained a published record of dreams and writings of their experimentation of automatic writing, written by Andrà © Breton, Louis Aragon and Philippe Soulpault. Automatic writing is where they were able to write and draw impulsively without containing their judgment. While they developed their theories and continued publishing, they concluded that Surrealism sustained the idea that ordinary expressions are essential, but that the logic of their understanding must be fully open to the full imagination. In the end, the movement intended to change and modernize human understanding and experience, in all aspects; personal, cultural, social, and political. They ultimately aimed to release citizens from false wisdom, and restrictive customs. Carl Gustave Jung: Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961) a psychiatrist from Switzerland was significant in the analytical movement. Freud laid the scientific foundation for Jung to investigate further how the unconscious reveals itself though symbols. To recognize and understand his dreams, Jung painted and sculpted his own visions. Jungs theory of the human mind consisted of three fractions: the ego (conscious mind), the personal unconscious, and the collective unconscious. The collective unconscious which we yet can never be directly aware of is the reservoir of our experiences as a species, a kind of knowledge we are all born with. It manipulates all of our decisions indirectly, particularly the emotional ones. Automatism was termed as Jung stated that one should not judge the vision of thoughts, but accept them purely as they are for personal and proper analysis. The suggestions of these new psychological theories captivated many artists. From the theories they were able to recognize that the unconscious has essential messages for the conscious mind, and that it is at first perceived through images while in the end communicated through language. Surrealist artists sought after the relation between the abstract spiritual realities and the actual forms of the material world in their work. The object in actuality stands as a metaphor for an inner deeper truth. By analyzing their art work, artists could bring the inner realities of the subconscious to the conscious mind, so that their significance could be made sense of. Therein lies the social significance of art: It is constantly at work educating the spirit of the age, conjuring up the forms in which the age is more lacking. The unsatisfied yearning of the artist reaches back to the primordial image in the unconscious, which is best fitted to compensate the inadequacy and one-sidedness of the present. The artist seizes on this image and, in raising it from deepest unconsciousness, he brings it into relation with conscious values, thereby transforming it until it can be accepted by the minds of his contemporaries according to their powers. Automatism Veristic Surrealism: Michael S. Bell, a specialist in American Art, has been a major voice in the academic art world to distinguish Visionary Art. He researched the Surrealist phenomena where he recently was the first to discover two separate forms of expression in surrealism; Automatism and Veristicism. Automatism is a form of abstraction. It has been the only type of surrealism accepted by critical reviewers after the war.6 While both groups point of view stayed the same, their foundation was different due to their diverse interpretations of the works and experiments of Breton, Freud and Jung. Automatism: Automatism is mainly for the intention of self analysis where like Jung stated, one does not evaluate the image of the subconscious but accepts it as they come into consciousness so that it can be accurately analyzed. For the Automatists, Surrealism was interpreted as a control of the consciousness which supports the sub conscious. Automatists were more concerned about the true feelings rather than the analysis itself. It was their automatic way in which their subconscious reached their conscience. Rather than what was really there they focused on emotions and feelings that took place before the final image, therefore their paintings were also a lot more abstract in comparison to the Veristic Surrealists. Although free expression of feelings had always been an important factor in the history of art, the Automatists didnt believe in it.2 To them, abstractionism was simply the only approach that was able to carry life to the images of the subconscious. Automatists took a more Dadaist approach where they presented scandal and disrespect towards those that were privileged and thought that through lack of form in their art, they were rebelling against them. Automatism is an abstract artistic form greatly influenced by Carl Jung Sigmund Freud. The most significant painters of abstract Surrealism or Automatism were; Pablo Picasso, Joan Miro and Andre Masson.The automatic drawings of Andrà © Massons in 1923, are often used as an illustration of the point of recognition of Surrealism and the break from Dada, in view of the fact that they reveal the influence of the idea of the unconscious mind.2 Andre Masson was very passionate for automatic drawing. By forcing himself to work under very strict conditions, Masson would for example draw under the influence of drugs or after long periods of time without food nor sleep. By forcing himself into a reduced state of consciousness he believed it would facilitate his art to get closer to the mechanism of his subconscious mind and therefore be free from rational control. Bison on the brink of a chasm 1944, Andre Masson Veristicism The Veristic Surrealists, viewed academic discipline as the assets to represent images of the subconscious with reality. This was a way for them to congeal images that normally would be forgotten if not recorded. They aimed in discovering a way to go after the images of the subconscious until the conscience could be aware of their significance. The image itself is the language of the subconscious, as the consciousness learned to interpret the images so that it could translate it into its true meaning. For the Veristic surrealists, the images represent a metaphor for the inner reality. They wanted to authentically characterize these images as a bond between the abstract spiritual realities, and the real forms of the material world. 6 The Veristic surrealists split from Automatism principally by defining the unconscious as visualized by psychiatrist Carl Jung. The universal unconscious was Jungs theory that every individual holds an instinctive knowledge and understanding of images, as the images are universal in nature and recur constantly in literature and art. Veristic surrealists hoped to understand and gain access to unconscious thoughts by looking into the image and what it represents. Paintings of the Veristic Surrealists usually consisted of images portraying people and objects which appeared to look realistic but were shown in an odd manner. A good way to define Veristic Surrealism is as representational Surrealism. Some of the most famous painters of Veristic Surrealism were Salvador Dalà ­, Rene Magritte and Max Ernst. Veristic Surrealism in its progression has become a new kind of art that in the words of Donald Kuspit, Must first show that it has democratic appeal-appeal to those generally unschooled in art or not professionally interested in it. Then it must suffer a period of aristocratic rejection by those schooled in an accepted and thereby traditional form of art-those with a vested interest in a known art and concerned with protecting it at all costs.6 Individuals who are able to follow the images of the subconscious, and with endurance, cannot only paint their thoughts but also analyze them carefully, have a great understanding of the spiritual interactions between the psychological, and the physical areas. Salvador Dalà ­ and Veristic Surrealism Salvador Dalà ­ is an example of a famous and successful Veristic surrealism painter. He often juxtaposes contrary or anachronistic images into his art work which follow similar ideas coming directly from Dadaism. Salvador Dalà ­ expressed his thoughts in his paintings through symbols and imagery in a direct and vulgar way which relates more closely to the way in which the Dadaists approached their ideas. On the contrary, Dalà ­ believed that art should be studied and mastered, and that artistic skill was of great importance, which is something the Dadaists principally did not follow. Dadaism made anti-art, unattractive art made to frown upon the bourgeois and to make a higher statement of their values against them. Salvador Dalà ­ also believed that expression of the unconscious would be revealed through metaphor when analyzing a painting. 17

An Indian Woman In Guatemala Essay -- Guatemala India History Historic

An Indian Woman In Guatemala Guatemala is the land of Eternal Springs and the home of the richly cultured and historic Mayan people. It it also the country of Rigoberta Menchu, an illiterate farm worker, turned voice of oppressed people everywhere. Guatemala also has the sad distinction of being home to Latin America's oldest civil war. "For more than three decades, left-wing guerrillas have fought a series of rightist governments in Guatemala. The war has killed an estimated 140,000 in the country, which has 11 million people." (N.Y. Times June 14, 1996 pA4 col 2) This is a story of a people in crisis, and one woman's struggle to use truth, as a means of setting her people free. The majority of the population are Indians, and much of the struggles arise out of the ashes of the past. Spain conquered Guatemala in 1524, which was the start of the oppression of the native people of Guatemala. Since this time the native people have been ruled by the Spanish speaking minority, the Ladinos, many of which are descended from the Spanish colonists. Beginning in 1954, when Guatemala's elected government was overthrown by the army, the military began a brutal war against the Indian people. This type of torture and oppression continued, and during the 1970's the repression was especially harsh; during this time more and more Indians began to resist. It was during this time that Rigoberta Menchu's family became involved in the resistance. The situation in Guatemala is similar to South Africa, where the black majority are ruled with absolute power by the white minority. Like South Africa, the Indians in Guatemala are lacking in even the most basic of human rights. "Indeed the so-called forest Indians are being systematically exterminated in the name of progress. But unlike the Indian rebels of the past, who wanted to go back to pre-Columbian times, Rigoberta Menchu is not fighting in the name of an idealized or mythical past." (Menchu xiii) Rigoberta is working toward drawing attention to the plight of native people around the globe. Once an illiterate farm worker, she has taught herself to read and write Spanish, the language of her oppressor, as a means of relating her story to the world. She tells the story of her life with honesty and integrity in hopes of impressing upon the world the indignation of the oppressed. In additi... ...She has been accused of supporting the country's leftist actions and harming Guatemala's image abroad. In awarding the prize, the Nobel committee wanted to draw attention to the plight of Guatemala's Indians in the hope that it would lead to improved conditions. Recently, Guatemalans have found cause for that hope, as a peace accord is due to be signed in January 1997, ending the fighting between the rebels and the government. In addition, a truth commission has been formed to help families of disappeared members find answers relating to their deaths, by uncovering the country's many unmarked mass graves. Rigoberta Menchu continues to live in exile under death threghts upon her return to Guatemala. She is well adapted to the life which has been handed down to her, by generations of poor and oppressed Indians. Yet when she speaks, she speaks of her beautiful culture, and of the many joys that her family had over the years, all without a trace of bitterness in her voice. Works Cited Menchu, Rigoberta. I, Rigoberta Menchu: An Indian Woman In Guatemala. London: Verso, 1984. "Guatemalans Take New Step Toward Peace." The New York Times 14 June 1996, pA4 col 2

John Proctor vs. Minister Dimmesdale :: essays research papers

John Proctor was a main character in Arthur Miller’s â€Å"The Crucible.† He was a farmer in Salem, Massachusetts in the 1600’s. He was put to death when he would not admit to practicing witchcraft. Minister Dimmesdale was a main character in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter.† He fathered a child out of wedlock in a sinful relationship, and fell to his death when he couldn’t take the guilt any longer. John Proctor and Minister Dimmesdale had several things in common, but also had several differences.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Both John Proctor and Minister Dimmesdale were involved in sinful relationships. John Proctor had an affair with a young girl named Abigail Williams even though he was married to Elizabeth Proctor. Minister Dimmesdale fathered the child of Hester Prynne while she was married to Roger Chillingworth. Both men had relationships that were looked down upon by society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Neither John Proctor nor Minister Dimmesdale wanted to admit to their sins at first. Elizabeth Proctor knew of John’s affair, but he did not admit it to the townspeople until Abigail Williams accused Elizabeth of witchcraft. John Proctor knew the only reason that Abigail had done this was because Elizabeth had fired her due to the affair. Minister Dimmesdale lived with his guilt for several years before he admitted to being the father of Pearl. Hester Prynne and Minister Dimmesdale were going to escape on a ship and live together as a family. But, when this did not happen, Dimmesdale could no longer take the guilt. He stood on a scaffold with Hester and Pearl, admitted his sin, and fell to his death. Both John Proctor and Minister Dimmesdale waited before confessing to their sinful relationships.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Both John Proctor and Minister Dimmesdale died by telling the truth. John Proctor could have admitted to being a witch and saved his own life. But, he chose to do the moral thing and stick to the truth. He told the truth, and died for what he believed in. Minister Dimmesdale also died by telling the truth. He lived for several years as the guilt continued to build up inside of him. He fell to his death on the scaffold after he told the townspeople he was indeed the father of Pearl. Both men’s lives ended when the truth was revealed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although both men had sinful relationships, these relationships were also very different. John Proctor had an affair with Abigail Williams. But, he did not love her.

Market entries to China for Holden Essay

Executive summary With more and more countries taking part in the international trade, the world’s market is expanding in a rapid pace. How to make use of the enlarging market and remain competitive become urgent for those participants. Market diversification is a good way to take full advantage of the resource and improve the efficiency by enlarging the business scope. In addition, it can also ease the pressure of competition and reduce the cost. The report mainly discuss that Australian Holden may enter Chinese market and chooses Shanghai as the target market. The report firstly analyzes the Australian and Chinese market and briefly introduces Shanghai. Then it presents the market-entry strategies and focuses on comparison on the advantages and disadvantages of Export-based entry and manufacturing-based entry. Through the comparison, the export-based entry is recommended to Holden. Finally, the report analyzes the 4p in marketing, which are price, place, products and promotion. In short, Shanghai is a bid developed country with the encouragement from the government to promote the development of automobile industry. 1.0 Introduction Holden is founded in 1856 with headquarter in Melbourne and it set into the field of automobile manufacturing after the company designed the body of the car for the first time in 1918. Australia-based GM merged with Holden in 1931 to establish GM-Holden Automobile Corporation. Holden’s Vehicle Operations produce 42 models from four vehicle body styles for domestic and export customers. For domestic market, the facility produces the Commodore range of sedans, Sportwagon and Ute together with Caprice long-wheel base luxury vehicles (Rob M 2011). Holden’s Global V6 Engine plant is located in Port Melbourne, Victoria and it gives Holden considerable flexibility in the range of engines it can produce for local and international customers including export customers in South Korea, Thailand and China. Holden is a centre of expertise in design and engineering for GM globally. Holden is one of GM’s nine global design centers responsible for vehicles such as the Holden Commodore and Chevrolet Camaro. Holden is also the centre of expertise for large, rear-wheel drive vehicles in the GM family as well as a major power train engineering centre with expertise in R&D and customer programs in V6 and V8 gasoline, CNG and LPG applications. 2.0 International and domestic marketing environment analysis 2.1 The analysis of Australian and Chinese market The economic crisis has negative effect on the global economy with high unemployment rate. As for Australian automobile industry, both the sales and production decrease. Although there is challenge, opportunity coexists. Holden saw the chance for industrial integration and it is inclined to import components from China and other countries. Hence, Holden is making efforts to enter Chinese market in order to achieve market diversification. The following table format shows the comparative analysis of Chinese and Australian market. From the above chart, it can be seen that China attracts Australia for the following reasons. Firstly, China is the world’s second largest economic entity and it has seen rapid development in recently years. With largest population in the world, China has wide potential in various industries with strong demand and high level of consumption. With the development of economy and high standard of living, people tend to purchase more expensive products as they have strong purchasing power. What’s more, Chinese government has announce some policies to promote its development, such as purchase tax-free for whose emission below 1.6, cash for energy-saving program and presentation of automobile credit. With the price of oil increasing, the compact vehicle has taken up the most of the market share. All those factors have stimulated the development of automobile industry in China (Piercy, N 1982). Compared with Chinese market, Australian automobile industry is more mature. In shor t, China is a place with great potential for automobile market. Shanghai is a global city, with influence in commerce, culture, finance, media, fashion, technology, and transport. Shanghai, the most developed city in China, is a major financial center in the world. With the development of automobile industry in China, the industry also sees rapid booming trend in Shanghai. As one of the earliest cities to carry out Chinese opening policy, Shanghai continues to go out of China, seeking for international level of development. In addition, it is a fairly open city with diverse culture and civilization. Taking consideration above factors, Shanghai will be the target market for Holden. 2.2. Estimated market size and gap analysis in Shanghai Shanghai is the largest city by population in China and the largest city proper by population in the world. With large population living in the city, their demand of automobile is strong, so there is hug amount of potential customers in Shanghai to buy cars. In addition, they also have strong power for purchase taking consideration of the economy in China. Actually, most young people will choose to buy compact and small cars in Shanghai as it is convenient. Automobile industry growth has been primarily driven by rising domestic demand stemming from rising incomes, a growing middle class, and by supportive industry policies from the Chinese government (Piercy, N 1982). However, the whole market is very fragmented and the research and development capacity is weak in China. The Chinese government has implemented a number of tax adjustments and subsidies for automobile purchases. In short, Shanghai has great potential for automobile development with strong demand and high purchase power, while the research and development is relatively weak. Holden can take the advantage to merge into Shanghai and bring about innovation to the whole market. 2.3 Expected sales and market share analysis in China. According to China Association of Automobile Manufacturers (CAAM), automakers in China sold 18,505,100 new vehicles last year, 2.45% more than 2010, which also creates a historically high. The annual growth rate dropped sharply from the 32.37% seen in 2010. Production rose slight 0.84% to 18,418,900 units. Passenger car sales gained 5.19% on year to 14,472,400, as 14,485,300 units were produced, 4.32% more than 2010. The commercial vehicle market shrank 6.31% to 4,032,700, as production dropped 9.94% to 3,933,600. Shanghai GM sold 1.23 million cars in 2011, up 18.5 percent from a year earlier. The sales in China are expected to see more growth in the future and It is widely believed that China’s automobile market currently has the most growth potential around the world. The sales of automobile in Shanghai always took a large amount in Shanghai, so Holden expect a huge potential for sales in Shanghai. According to a survey, the domestic market of share for automobile industry in China is 29%, which means that the majority of market share is took up by foreign brand. It is great news for Holden that can make use of its great competitiveness to enter in Chinese market, especially Shanghai. 3.0. Market entry strategies Marketing entry means that the government of a nation allows citizen or legal person to enter the market to do business and commercial activities. The system for marketing entry indicates the control and management of the government on the market. The purpose of market entry is to stabilize the source of tax and rationally allocate resources. In addition, the market entry aims to pursue public safety and health and maintain sustainable development. The ultimate goal of marketing entry is to maintain free and equal competition for participants, which means that the global market is unified. However, the marketing entry is a process, different country will have various degree for openness considering their economic development level. When a company has made a decision to enter an overseas market, there are a variety of options open to it (Basche, J.R1971). These options vary with cost, risk and the degree of control. The simplest form of entry strategy is exporting using either a direct or indirect method such as an agent, in the case of the former, or countertrade, in the case of the latter. More complex forms include truly global operations which may involve joint ventures, or export processing zones. Entry strategies: There are a variety of ways in which organizations can enter foreign markets. There are export-based entry, manufacturing-based entry and relationship –based entry. The export-based entry and manufacturing-based entry are compared here. 3.1 The analysis of export-based entry Exporting is the mostly widely accepted and the most mature form of operating in foreign markets. Exporting can be defined as the marketing of products from one country into another, while no direct manufacturing is required in an overseas country and significant investments in marketing are required. This strategy does not need too much detailed information about the market compared with the manufacturing-based entry, but it still need some necessary information about the local market (Cunningham, M 1986). The export-based entry contains many elements, such as indirect export, direct export, establish sales offices in foreign market and licensing. Direct exporting means that the organization uses agents, distributors or oversea subsidiary or through government agency. In most cases, the company exports by means of local agents or distributors as they know more about the local market which is important in conducting the business (Jaffee S 1993). In addition, they have advantage in language and they know how to get local customers. Indirect export means that products are exported through trading companies and some export management companies. The advantage of indirect exporting is that the exporters do not need to know much information about the local market as they can rely on trading companies. Another option for exporter is to sell products directly to foreign end-users and this method does not incur intermediary costs and exported can gain higher profits. The web-based B2C and B2B sales are the most common ways to sell products to end-users. The advantages of exporting are that: Firstly, exporting is very simple and low costs and risk, so it is usually the first forms that companies will choose to get knowledge of the target market. Secondly, as the exporting-based entry is home based, the utilization of domestic plants are increased and costs are decreased at the same time. Thirdly, the method can also help to diversify markets, which reduce the company’s exposure to domestic demand instability. The disadvantage is that: firstly, high transport costs from the exporter to the target market. Secondly, exporting may encounter some trade barriers and problems with agents will also affect the export (Sharma, D 1989). Thirdly, exporters have lower control of the agents, facing the risk of exchange rate fluctuation, and are subjected to custom duties and tax from the target country. Although the export costs are low, the exporter has to pay for know more about the market, increasing sales, distribution networks, and attracting customers. Furthermore, exporters should design their products as per the requirement of target market. 3.2 The analysis of manufacturing-based entry Manufacturing-based entry includes joint venture. Joint venture means alliances where there is equity participation from both the foreign entrant and the local companies. The equity participation indicates that one can have minority of stakes, equal stakes or majority of stakes (Terry J 2006). The advantages of joint venture are: firstly, one can decrease the capital risk. Secondly, exporter can use the target companies’ facilities in manufacturing distribution and sales. Thirdly, the exporter can take advantage the local companies to enter the market and they can contact with local government through local companies. Many companies avoid having joint venture as it is complex in coordinating policies, decisions and execution with a different company. Disadvantages of joint venture are that: a. Different in culture and language with communication problems b. Different in managerial styles c. Different in the motivation behind participation. d. Selection of the right partners. Other than above problems, there are also risks in entering in joint venture as the complication at the time of exit, when a foreign entrant decides to leave the market and the joint venture should also have an exit strategy (Yip, G 1982). Another is the company’s intellectual property, which is more difficult to control the access to the technology. Furthermore, if the IP is stolen by local partner, it will become a big problem to deal with. 4.0. Recommendation on how to enter Chinese market 4.1 Market entry strategy choice An organization wishing to enter other market faces three major issues: a. Marketing – which countries, which segments, how to manage and implement marketing effort, how to enter – with intermediaries or directly, with what information. b. Sourcing – whether to obtain products, make or buy? (Keegan, W1989) c. Investment and control – joint venture, global partner, acquisition. Decisions in the marketing area focus on the value chain. The strategy or entry alternatives must ensure that the necessary value chain activities are performed and integrated. As for Holden, the export-based strategy is greatly recommended as Firstly, exporting is very simple and low costs and risk, so it is better for Holden to get know more about Chinese market. Secondly, as the exporting-based entry is home based, the utilization of domestic plants are increased and costs are decreased at the same time. Holden has its own manufacturing plants and it can save costs in this way. (Khoromana, A 1991)Thirdly, the method can also help to diversify markets, which reduce the company’s exposure to domestic demand instability. Holden can gradually come to Chinese market after get a better idea of Chinese market and customer’s demand. Another approach is to direct invest in Chinese market. Holden can set up manufacturing facilities as it is capable of putting large amount of capital with management dedication (Korey, G 1986). 4.2 Estimated budget The marketing mix is one of the most famous marketing terms. The marketing mix is the tactical or operational part of a marketing plan. The marketing mix is also called the 4Ps which are price, place, product and promotion. |Price |Price is the amount the consumer must exchange to receive the offering | |Place |Place includes company activities that make the product available to target consumers | |Product |Product means the goods-and-services combination the company offers to the target market. | |Promotion |Promotion includes all of the activities marketers undertake to inform consumers about their products | | |and to encourage potential customers to buy these products. | So the budget includes activities for efforts to make the products available to target consumers, service for the target market and promotion. 4.3 Time frame (2014—2017) for Holden |Price |Making an analysis of prices in Shanghai and setting the price according to the consumption level. | |Place |Target market: Shanghai | |Product |Holden’s compact and small cars. | |Promotion |Making some advertisement for Holden’s cars with the help of local agents or distributors as it use | | |export-based entry methods | As Holden uses the export-based entry methods, most work can be done by local agents or distributors and also the budget also includes the pay for them besides the budget for 4ps. 5.0 Conclusion In the recent years, trading has become more and more popular among countries. Trading activities has become increasingly global in some way due to the need to gather and increase the company’s financial bases. Advancement in technology including communication efficiency and better international relations has contributed to the development of the international trade. However, competition has become a great challenge to the expanding of global business, but most companies are making great efforts to solve the problem. In order to make the good use the situation as the world has become a village and to achieve greater investments and better market opportunities in the international market, it is necessary that primary and secondary market research is done to ensure that information regarding the target markets in countries desired is obtained. To choose the best way for market entry is crucial for a company as it can help the company to diversify market in other countries and help it gain competitiveness in the world with fierce competition. 6.0 Reference 1. Basche, J.R(1971) Export Marketing Services and Costs, New York: The Conference Board , p4. 2. Cunningham, M (1986), Strategies for International Industrial Marketing. In D.W. Turnbull and J.P. Valla (eds.) Croom Helm, p 9. 3. Dan W (2002), Countertrade, Business Credit, P48 4. Jaffee S (1993), Exporting High Value Food Commodities, World Bank Discussion Paper, p 198 5. Keegan, W(1989), Global Marketing Management, Prentice Hall International Editions, P23-40 6. Khoromana, A(1991), The Experience and Problems in Exporting Spices, In S. Carter (ed.) Export Procedures Network and Centre for Agricultural Marketing Training in Eastern and Southern Africa, P45-60 7. Khoury, S(1986), Countertrade: Forms, Motives, Pitfalls and Negotiation Requisites, Journal of Business Research, p 257-270. 8. Korey, G (1986) Multilateral Perspectives in International Marketing Dynamics, European Journal of Marketing, p 34-42. 9. Pavord and Bogart (1991), The Export Marketing Decision S.A. Hara in S. Carter (Ed) â€Å"Export Procedures, Network and Centre for Agricultural Marketing Training in Eastern and Southern Africa P102-120. 10. Piercy, N (1982), Company Internationalisation: Active and Reactive Exporting, European Journal of Marketing, p 26-40. 11. Rob M (2011), Larger Holden Barina a more credible car, Dominion Post, P3 Russow, L (1996), Market diversification: Going international, Review of Business, P32 12. Sharma, D(1989) Overseas Market Entry Strategy, Journal of Global Marketing, P89-110 13. Terry J (2006) Hispanic-Market Entry Strategies, ABA Bank Marketing, P18 14. Yip, G(1982), Gateways to Entry, Harvard Business Review, P85-91